Deadline: 21-Aug-2019 at 11:59:59 PM (Eastern Time – Washington D.C.) 
A key cause of child stunting in low-income settings could be related to asymptomatic gut infections known as environmental enteropathies (EE), caused in part by unhygienic conditions in early childhood. Thus, improvements in sanitation and hygiene conditions from the time of birth may help to prevent or reduce the prevalence of EE, and therefore stunting. Conventional water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions, i.e. improved household toilets, improved drinking water, and handwashing with soap may not fully address these early fecal-oral exposures. For example, animal feces are likely a dominant source of fecal contamination in low-income settings even in areas of high sanitation coverage and low rates of open defecation. Similarly, food hygiene is an often-overlooked contributor to enteric infections in early childhood. Complementary hygiene interventions are needed to address neglected pathways of exposure.
decline. However, looking at global averages is not enough to understand this trend, as this decline has not been evenly distributed. We break down the world population into two groups (measured through either income or consumption expenditure): the bottom 40% (the poorest people in any given country) and the upper 60% of the income distribution.
relationship between international connectivity and economic activity.
feed her children. Though she worked long hours buying and selling seafood from the local fisherman in her village, until recently, it wasn’t enough. “I couldn’t afford to cook every day,” she recalls.
Netherlands for the World Bank 
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