Deadline: 21-Aug-2019 at 11:59:59 PM (Eastern Time – Washington D.C.) 
A key cause of child stunting in low-income settings could be related to asymptomatic gut infections known as environmental enteropathies (EE), caused in part by unhygienic conditions in early childhood. Thus, improvements in sanitation and hygiene conditions from the time of birth may help to prevent or reduce the prevalence of EE, and therefore stunting. Conventional water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions, i.e. improved household toilets, improved drinking water, and handwashing with soap may not fully address these early fecal-oral exposures. For example, animal feces are likely a dominant source of fecal contamination in low-income settings even in areas of high sanitation coverage and low rates of open defecation. Similarly, food hygiene is an often-overlooked contributor to enteric infections in early childhood. Complementary hygiene interventions are needed to address neglected pathways of exposure.
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