Climate stressors have pervasive impacts, among which the impact on the health 
populations across the world continues to expand. This has recently come into even sharper focus with COVID-19.
Extreme heat and water scarcity together, for instance, are already creating havoc in cities like Cape Town and Chennai, while vector-borne, and water-borne diseases like dengue, malaria, gastroenteritis and typhoid continue to affect thousands of cities globally. Apart from their obvious impacts on the physical health of the population, with the oldest, youngest, and other vulnerable groups facing the greatest threats, such climate stressors also have serious mental health ramifications.
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negatively impacted individuals, societies, and economies. In the pandemic’s wake, political leaders and everyday people alike recognize the importance of resilient health systems that can prevent, prepare for, respond to, and learn from infectious outbreaks and other shocks while continuing to deliver quality essential health services. But urgent questions remain. Which features of a health system are most important for achieving resilience? How can countries—especially poor ones—build resilient health systems? Which investments should countries prioritize to make their systems resilient to future challenges?
overall inflation in 
year since 2000. Recent diseases such as SARS, avian influenza, Ebola – and the enormous health, economic, and societal impacts of COVID-19 – have not yet solicited global unity on the importance of preventing pandemics rather than responding to outbreaks as they emerge. What will it take for world leaders, countries, organizations, and communities to understand that prevention is better than cure? The World Bank’s latest flagship report, “Putting Pandemics Behind Us: Investing in One Health to Reduce Risks of Emerging Infectious Diseases,” is a clarion call for the universal adoption of an integrated approach to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems.
Netherlands for the World Bank 
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